A standardized assessment instrument, developed by Louis Leon Thurstone, evaluated an individual’s capacity for rapid and accurate cognitive processing. The test gauged abilities relevant to various occupational roles, focusing on elements such as perceptual speed, numerical aptitude, and verbal reasoning. Success on this measurement indicated an enhanced ability to quickly understand and respond to presented information. As an example, an individual scoring highly might demonstrate efficiency in tasks requiring the swift analysis of data or the rapid comprehension of written instructions.
The employment of such evaluations provided significant advantages in personnel selection and placement. Utilizing this type of instrument aided organizations in identifying candidates best suited for positions demanding heightened cognitive agility and accuracy. Furthermore, it contributed to increased productivity and reduced error rates within specific job roles. Its historical significance lies in its pioneering role in applying psychometric principles to assess and quantify aspects of human intelligence relevant to vocational settings.
This article will further explore the specific cognitive domains assessed by the instrument, examine its administration and scoring procedures, and analyze its validity and reliability in predicting job performance. It will also consider contemporary perspectives on its use in the context of modern assessment methodologies and evolving workplace demands.
1. Cognitive speed
Cognitive speed formed a central pillar of the Thurstone assessment. It served not merely as an isolated metric, but as an indicator of broader intellectual efficiency. An individual exhibiting rapid processing capabilities would, theoretically, demonstrate advantages across a range of tasks. This premise underlay the test’s design, embedding timed sections that directly measured the swiftness with which test-takers could perceive, analyze, and respond to stimuli. The rationale was clear: quicker cognitive processing correlated with enhanced performance in environments demanding rapid decision-making and problem-solving.
Consider the scenario of an air traffic controller during the mid-20th century. This role demanded constant vigilance and the immediate interpretation of radar data. Controllers with superior cognitive speed, as hypothetically identified by the Thurstone assessment, would be better equipped to handle the influx of information, predict potential conflicts, and issue instructions with minimal delay. The test offered the promise of selecting individuals whose mental agility aligned with the demands of critical roles such as this, where split-second reactions could mean the difference between safety and disaster. A slower response time could cause accidents, affecting society.
The emphasis on cognitive speed within the Thurstone framework reflects a broader understanding of intelligence prevalent at the time. While acknowledging the importance of knowledge and experience, the assessment prioritized the capacity to process information efficiently. Contemporary perspectives on intelligence have since evolved, recognizing the multifaceted nature of cognitive abilities. However, the Thurstone test’s focus on processing speed retains relevance in understanding individual differences in performance, particularly in contexts where speed and accuracy are paramount. Its influence lies in the understanding of the human mind.
2. Numerical reasoning
Numerical reasoning, as a cornerstone of the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness, served as a critical indicator of an individuals capacity to grapple with quantitative information. Its inclusion wasn’t arbitrary; it reflected the growing demand for a workforce capable of navigating the complexities of an increasingly data-driven world. The test presented problems ranging from basic arithmetic to more complex calculations, assessing not just the ability to perform mathematical operations, but also the speed and accuracy with which they were executed. This component mirrored the demands placed upon many professions, from accounting and engineering to even more ostensibly qualitative fields where interpreting statistics and making data-informed decisions held increasing weight.
The significance of this connection becomes clearer when considering the socio-economic landscape of the time. As industries expanded, so did the need for employees who could manage budgets, analyze production figures, and optimize resource allocation. Individuals who excelled in the numerical reasoning section of the test were, in essence, demonstrating a proficiency directly applicable to these pressing needs. For instance, a candidate applying for a management position might demonstrate their capacity to interpret sales reports, identify trends, and propose data-backed strategies. In this context, the test served as a vital filter, identifying those best equipped to contribute to the economic prosperity of the era.
Thus, the integration of numerical reasoning into the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness wasn’t simply about measuring mathematical prowess. It was about identifying individuals possessing a cognitive skill set that was becoming increasingly valuable across a broad spectrum of industries. The challenge, however, lies in ensuring such assessments adapt to the evolving demands of the modern workplace. While the core principles of numerical reasoning remain relevant, the specific skills and tools required for effective analysis have transformed dramatically. Recognizing this evolution is crucial to maintaining the continued relevance of psychometric testing in the 21st century.
3. Verbal comprehension
Verbal comprehension, within the framework of the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness, was not merely a measure of vocabulary or grammatical proficiency. It served as a window into an individual’s ability to extract meaning, discern nuances, and effectively utilize language as a tool for understanding and problem-solving. Its inclusion reflected the recognition that the ability to comprehend and articulate ideas was paramount across a wide array of professions and essential for navigating the complexities of an increasingly information-rich society.
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Understanding Instructions
This facet gauges the ability to accurately interpret written directions and procedures. In an era of complex machinery and standardized protocols, the capacity to follow instructions precisely was crucial. A factory worker who misinterprets a technical manual could cause significant damage, while a clerk who misunderstands a memo might make critical errors. The Thurstone assessment sought to identify individuals who possessed the cognitive dexterity to accurately decode and implement written guidance, ensuring efficiency and minimizing costly mistakes.
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Identifying Analogies and Relationships
Verbal comprehension also extends to the ability to recognize connections between concepts and ideas. The Thurstone test often presented analogies, requiring test-takers to identify the logical relationship between pairs of words. This skill translated directly into problem-solving ability, as individuals who could discern patterns and connections were better equipped to analyze complex situations, identify root causes, and formulate effective solutions. Consider a manager tasked with resolving a conflict between two employees; the ability to understand the underlying dynamics and identify the source of the dispute hinges on a strong grasp of verbal relationships.
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Grasping Complex Arguments
Beyond simple definitions and relationships, the test probed an individual’s capacity to understand and evaluate complex arguments. Test-takers might be presented with passages containing multiple layers of information and asked to draw inferences or identify logical fallacies. This skill was particularly relevant in roles requiring critical thinking and decision-making. A lawyer, for example, must be able to deconstruct opposing arguments, identify weaknesses in reasoning, and construct persuasive counterarguments. The Thurstone assessment aimed to identify individuals with the intellectual acuity to engage in this type of rigorous analysis.
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Appreciating Nuance and Subtlety
Finally, verbal comprehension encompassed the ability to discern subtle shades of meaning and recognize the nuances of language. Sarcasm, irony, and implied meanings were all elements that could be tested, revealing an individual’s sensitivity to the unspoken aspects of communication. This skill was particularly valuable in interpersonal interactions, where the ability to read between the lines could be critical for building rapport, navigating complex social dynamics, and avoiding misunderstandings. A salesperson, for instance, might rely on their ability to detect subtle cues in a customer’s language to tailor their approach and close a deal effectively.
In essence, verbal comprehension as assessed by the Thurstone Test was not simply about knowing words; it was about possessing the cognitive tools to effectively navigate the world of ideas. This aspect of mental agility served as a critical predictor of success across a broad spectrum of occupations, highlighting its enduring relevance as a measure of intellectual potential.
4. Spatial visualization
The inclusion of spatial visualization within the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness was no arbitrary decision. It stemmed from an understanding that certain cognitive capabilities, seemingly unrelated to language or arithmetic, held significant sway over an individual’s aptitude in various practical domains. Thurstone recognized that the ability to mentally manipulate objects in space, to visualize rotations, transformations, and relationships between shapes, was a critical element of intelligence, particularly valuable in fields ranging from engineering to architecture, and even extending to certain types of skilled trades. The test sought to uncover this hidden potential, to identify individuals possessing an innate capacity for spatial reasoning that might not be apparent through more traditional measures of intellect.
Consider, for instance, the challenge faced by a draughtsman in the early 20th century. Lacking the sophisticated CAD software of today, their ability to translate abstract blueprints into three-dimensional visualizations was paramount. The Thurstone assessment, by incorporating spatial visualization tasks, offered a means of identifying those individuals who could most readily grasp the intended form and function of a design. This capability translated directly into efficiency and accuracy, reducing errors and streamlining the construction process. Similarly, a surgeon relying on anatomical knowledge to guide a delicate procedure relies heavily on spatial visualization to mentally navigate the human body. The capacity to mentally construct a three-dimensional representation of internal structures is essential for precision and success. This spatial intelligence is not just related to architecture; it is crucial to saving lives.
The continued relevance of spatial visualization as a cognitive skill underscores the enduring value of the Thurstone Test’s comprehensive approach to assessing mental aptitude. While specific tasks and industries may have evolved, the underlying principle remains: the ability to think spatially is a powerful asset, enabling individuals to excel in domains requiring an understanding of form, structure, and the relationships between objects in the physical world. Understanding and leveraging this capacity remains essential for optimizing individual performance and fostering innovation across diverse fields, serving as a lasting testament to Thurstone’s vision.
5. Perceptual Accuracy
Perceptual accuracy, within the architecture of the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness, stood as a sentinel against error. It was not merely about seeing; it was about seeing correctly, consistently, and with unwavering precision. In an era defined by burgeoning industrial output and increasingly complex systems, the ability to discern subtle differences and identify anomalies held immense value. The inclusion of perceptual accuracy as a key component reflected an understanding that human fallibility could have far-reaching consequences, and that a robust assessment of this cognitive trait could mitigate risks across diverse fields.
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Proofreading Prowess
Imagine a bustling publishing house of the 1940s. Proofreaders meticulously scanned galleys for typographical errors, a task demanding intense concentration and an unwavering eye for detail. A single misplaced comma could alter the meaning of a sentence, potentially leading to misinterpretations or even legal disputes. The Thurstone Test, with its emphasis on perceptual accuracy, sought to identify individuals possessing the innate ability to detect these subtle imperfections, minimizing the risk of errors reaching the public eye. This skill translated directly into quality control, ensuring the integrity of published works and upholding the reputation of the publishing house.
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Inspection Acumen
Consider the assembly lines of burgeoning automotive factories. Inspectors scrutinized each component, each weld, each paint job for imperfections that could compromise the safety or performance of the vehicle. A hairline crack in a chassis or a faulty electrical connection could have catastrophic consequences. The perceptual accuracy component of the Thurstone Test aimed to identify individuals with the capacity to detect these minute flaws, preventing defective products from reaching consumers and averting potential accidents. This vigilance served as a cornerstone of quality assurance, safeguarding both the company’s reputation and the well-being of its customers.
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Clerical Precision
Within the rapidly expanding offices of the mid-20th century, clerical staff navigated a sea of documents, forms, and records. The ability to accurately transcribe information, to match names and numbers with unwavering precision, was paramount. A misplaced digit or a misspelled name could result in financial discrepancies, logistical errors, or even legal complications. The Thurstone Test, recognizing the importance of clerical accuracy, incorporated tasks that assessed the ability to quickly and accurately compare and contrast textual and numerical data. This skill was not merely about rote memorization; it reflected an underlying cognitive capacity to perceive subtle differences and maintain focus amidst distractions.
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Medical Observation
Envision a bustling hospital, where nurses monitor patients conditions with attention to detail. Swiftly seeing a change in a patient’s skin color or breathing can allow a nurse to call the doctor. A nurse’s attention to detail is key to patient care. These aspects of their observation are key to helping patients.
These examples, drawn from diverse fields, underscore the pervasive importance of perceptual accuracy in the mid-20th century. The Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness, by incorporating this cognitive trait into its assessment framework, provided a valuable tool for identifying individuals capable of minimizing errors, ensuring quality, and safeguarding against potential risks. Its legacy lies in its recognition of the human element in complex systems and its commitment to finding ways to mitigate the impact of human fallibility. The value that this skillset brings to business makes the thurstone test so important.
6. Memory span
Memory span, a core element measured within the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness, served as more than just a rote assessment of recall. It represented an individual’s capacity to hold and manipulate information in the immediate present, a skill paramount for navigating a world of rapidly unfolding events and complex interactions. The rationale was simple: a larger memory span implied a greater ability to process, analyze, and respond effectively to incoming stimuli, a critical asset in any environment demanding agility and adaptability. The test, therefore, sought to quantify this cognitive capacity, recognizing its pivotal role in overall mental acuity.
Consider the operations room of a World War II radar station. Operators, tasked with monitoring blips on a screen, needed to simultaneously track multiple targets, interpret their trajectories, and relay information to anti-aircraft batteries. A limited memory span would quickly overwhelm an operator, leading to confusion and potentially catastrophic errors. The Thurstone assessment, hypothetically employed in selecting these personnel, would have identified individuals possessing the cognitive endurance to juggle these multiple streams of information, maintaining situational awareness and ensuring a swift and coordinated response. The stakes were high, and the ability to hold and manipulate information in short-term memory proved to be a crucial factor in the effectiveness of the war effort.
In essence, the inclusion of memory span within the Thurstone Test reflects a deeper understanding of cognitive function, recognizing that intelligence is not merely about accumulated knowledge, but about the dynamic interplay between perception, processing, and recall. While contemporary assessments of cognitive ability have evolved, incorporating more sophisticated measures and recognizing the multifaceted nature of memory, the foundational principle remains the same: the ability to hold and manipulate information in the immediate present is a critical determinant of mental agility and adaptive capacity, a legacy that the Thurstone Test indelibly established.
7. Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning, a cognitive process wherein general principles are derived from specific observations, formed an integral, though perhaps less overtly emphasized, component of the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness. Its presence wasn’t explicitly labeled as such in every section, but its influence permeated the test’s design. Examine, for instance, a series of pattern recognition questions. A test-taker presented with a sequence of shapes or numbers had to identify the underlying rule governing the progression. This required observing the specific instances, discerning the common thread, and then extrapolating to predict the next element in the series. That cognitive leap, from the particular to the general, is the essence of inductive reasoning. Similarly, consider verbal analogy problems. Identifying the relationship between two words and then applying that same relationship to a new pair demanded inductive inference. The test-taker had to infer a rule based on the specific example and then apply it to a novel situation. The effectiveness of using inductive reasoning on the thurstone test, showed high scores and improved cognitive performance.
The importance of inductive reasoning within the Thurstone framework extended beyond merely answering test questions. It mirrored the cognitive demands of many professions. A detective investigating a crime scene, for example, gathers specific pieces of evidencea footprint, a discarded weapon, a witness statementand uses inductive reasoning to construct a general theory of what transpired. An engineer troubleshooting a malfunctioning machine observes specific symptomsa strange noise, a drop in performance, an unusual temperatureand uses inductive reasoning to diagnose the underlying cause. The Thurstone Test, by implicitly assessing inductive reasoning skills, sought to identify individuals possessing the cognitive flexibility to adapt to novel situations, solve complex problems, and make informed decisions based on limited information. Its subtle integration made it a powerful, albeit understated, indicator of real-world aptitude. The better reasoning, and more attention, the higher the chance of succeeding.
In summary, while the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness didn’t trumpet “Inductive Reasoning” as a standalone measure, its influence permeated the test’s structure and purpose. By assessing an individual’s capacity to identify patterns, draw inferences, and apply general rules to specific instances, the test implicitly gauged their inductive reasoning abilities. This connection, often overlooked, highlights the test’s enduring relevance as a measure of cognitive adaptability and problem-solving potential, revealing the intricate cognitive processes underlying successful performance across diverse fields and this skill would be needed in a society to make decisions.
8. Deductive ability
Deductive ability, often the unsung hero of cognitive skills, occupied a vital, if less flamboyant, position within the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness. While inductive reasoning sought to build general principles from specific instances, deduction traveled the opposite path, applying established rules to particular situations. Within the test, this manifested in logic problems, syllogisms, and scenarios requiring the application of pre-defined constraints. The ability to navigate these challenges provided a glimpse into an individual’s capacity for structured, rule-based thinking, a skill critical for navigating complex systems and avoiding logical pitfalls. The presence of the skill is key to a higher cognitive process. The need to think is even more vital than other things.
Consider, for instance, a quality control inspector in a factory setting. Presented with a set of specifications for a particular component, the inspector must deduce whether a given item meets those requirements. If the blueprint stipulates a dimension of 2.5 centimeters plus or minus 0.1 centimeters, the inspector must logically conclude whether a component measuring 2.62 centimeters is acceptable or reject it based on the established rule. This wasn’t guesswork; it was a systematic application of predefined standards. Similarly, within a military context, an officer tasked with executing a strategic plan would rely heavily on deductive reasoning. Given a set of objectives, available resources, and known enemy capabilities, the officer must logically deduce the optimal course of action, minimizing risk and maximizing the probability of success. This application of existing knowledge ensures all things go smoothly.
In conclusion, deductive ability, as measured by the Thurstone Test, provided a valuable indicator of an individual’s capacity for structured thinking and logical decision-making. Its importance lay not in creativity or intuition, but in the ability to apply established rules consistently and accurately, a critical skill for navigating complex systems, minimizing errors, and ensuring consistent outcomes across diverse fields. The ability to think in a good way is important to a well established mind.
9. Attention span
Attention span, often an intangible and overlooked cognitive capacity, formed a subtle yet foundational pillar upon which the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness rested. It was not a directly measured variable, not explicitly scored or quantified. Instead, it acted as a silent moderator, influencing performance across all tested domains. A diminished attention span could undermine even the strongest aptitude for numerical reasoning or spatial visualization, rendering intellectual potential unrealized. The test, therefore, implicitly relied on the test-taker’s capacity for sustained focus, demanding concentration as a prerequisite for accurate and efficient execution.
Imagine a line worker on a Ford assembly plant in 1940, tasked with installing a specific component on each vehicle. The task, seemingly repetitive, demanded unwavering attention to detail. A lapse in concentration, even for a fleeting moment, could result in a misaligned part, a compromised assembly, and a potential safety hazard. While the Thurstone Test might assess the worker’s mechanical aptitude and perceptual accuracy, the underlying capacity for sustained attention would ultimately determine their effectiveness. Similarly, a codebreaker at Bletchley Park, deciphering intercepted German communications, relied not only on linguistic prowess and logical reasoning, but also on the ability to maintain focus amidst the tedium of repetitive symbols and complex algorithms. A single moment of inattention could mean missing a crucial clue, delaying a vital intelligence breakthrough, and prolonging the war. In both scenarios, attention span acted as a silent but powerful determinant of success, highlighting its crucial role in translating potential into performance.
In essence, the Thurstone Test, while not directly measuring attention span, implicitly acknowledged its importance as a foundational cognitive capacity. It recognized that intellectual abilities alone were insufficient; the ability to sustain focus, to resist distractions, and to maintain vigilance were equally critical for translating potential into practical success. Contemporary cognitive science has further elucidated the multifaceted nature of attention, recognizing its various components and its susceptibility to a range of internal and external influences. However, the Thurstone Test’s implicit recognition of attention’s significance remains a valuable reminder of the holistic nature of intelligence, a testament to the enduring insight of its creator.
Frequently Asked Questions about the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness
The annals of psychometric testing are filled with names, formulas, and debates, but few instruments have captured the zeitgeist of an era quite like the assessment under consideration. The following questions delve into its core aspects, addressing common inquiries and misconceptions.
Question 1: Was this assessment designed as a comprehensive measure of intelligence, akin to a modern IQ test?
No. The instrument focused on specific cognitive aptitudes deemed relevant to vocational success in the mid-20th century. It prioritized skills such as perceptual speed, numerical reasoning, and verbal comprehension, rather than attempting to capture the breadth of human intelligence as defined by contemporary IQ assessments.
Question 2: How was the result primarily employed by organizations?
Organizations often used it as a tool in personnel selection and placement. High scores might have suggested suitability for roles demanding rapid cognitive processing and accurate decision-making, while lower scores might have steered candidates toward positions with different cognitive demands.
Question 3: Did cultural biases influence the result, given the social context of the era?
It is quite possible. The test’s content and administration reflected the norms and values of its time, potentially disadvantaging individuals from marginalized communities or those lacking access to equal educational opportunities. Modern assessment practices emphasize the importance of culturally sensitive and unbiased testing methods. The biases could be implicit and not overt, affecting various groups.
Question 4: How does the Thurstone compare to contemporary assessments of cognitive aptitude?
Compared to contemporary tools, it would appear rudimentary. Modern assessments often utilize computerized adaptive testing, incorporate a wider range of cognitive domains, and place greater emphasis on dynamic assessment and the evaluation of learning potential rather than static knowledge. The older instrument is limited in scope and sophistication when compared to its successors.
Question 5: Was this test considered a reliable predictor of job performance?
While it demonstrated some predictive validity, its accuracy was likely limited by its narrow focus and the evolving nature of workplace demands. Modern research suggests that a more comprehensive approach, incorporating personality assessments, situational judgment tests, and work samples, provides a more robust prediction of job success.
Question 6: Can it be employed in the 21st century?
Direct use is not recommended. Its age, cultural biases, and limited scope render it unsuitable for contemporary assessment practices. However, studying its design and application provides valuable insights into the evolution of psychometric testing and the enduring challenges of measuring human potential.
In summary, it represents a significant milestone in the history of psychological assessment, but its limitations necessitate caution in its interpretation and application. It serves as a reminder of the importance of continually refining our assessment methodologies to ensure fairness, accuracy, and relevance in an ever-changing world.
With a comprehensive grasp of the “Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness,” the next section transitions to exploring alternative assessments that capture contemporary understanding of human cognition.
Navigating the Labyrinth
The Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness, a relic of a bygone era in psychometric assessment, still whispers valuable lessons to those who listen closely. It is less about replicating its methods and more about absorbing its spirita spirit of rigorous assessment, targeted evaluation, and a relentless pursuit of cognitive clarity. Imagine the test as an ancient map, not for direct navigation in the modern world, but as a guide to understanding the terrain.
Tip 1: Embrace Specificity: The instrument’s focus was narrow. It didn’t aim to capture the entirety of human intelligence, but rather to hone in on specific aptitudes relevant to vocational success. Modern assessments should emulate this targeted approach. Clearly define the cognitive skills critical for a particular role and tailor the evaluation accordingly. Avoid casting too wide a net; precision trumps comprehensiveness.
Tip 2: Understand Cognitive Speed Matters: While the modern view recognizes intelligence as multifaceted, the importance of processing speed remains. Incorporate timed elements within assessments to evaluate an individual’s ability to think quickly and accurately under pressure. Recognize that, in many fields, rapid cognition is as valuable as deep contemplation.
Tip 3: Build a Robust Vocabulary: The instruments verbal component underscores the importance of communication skills. Ensure the assessment includes tests of verbal comprehension, analogies, and reasoning. Articulate thought is the bedrock of decision making. Recognize and nurture talent.
Tip 4: Dont Neglect Spatial Reasoning: The test’s inclusion of spatial visualization tasks highlights the often-overlooked importance of this cognitive domain. Evaluate an individual’s capacity to mentally manipulate objects in space. This aptitude is critical in engineering, architecture, and even certain medical specialties.
Tip 5: Attend to Perceptual Details: The test implicitly emphasized the need for accuracy. Incorporate elements that assess perceptual acuity, attention to detail, and the ability to detect subtle differences. The devil, as they say, is in the details.
Tip 6: Dont Underestimate Memory: In the fast pace of modern businesses, remembering key details are vitally important.
Tip 7: Hone Reasoning: Inductive and deductive capabilities play a significant role in decision making.
Tip 8: Sustain Attention: Attention has always been key. Without giving focus to details it is hard to have any kind of improvement or success.
The lessons gleaned from the Thurstone Test are not about replicating its methods, but about internalizing its principles. Its about understanding how to evaluate potential employees to improve lives.
Now, having explored the Thurstone Test and its lingering wisdom, the subsequent sections will delve into a modern interpretation of assessments that reflects the world around us.
Echoes of an Era
The journey through the landscape of the Thurstone Test of Mental Alertness reveals more than just a historical artifact. It unearths a snapshot of an era obsessed with optimizing human capital, a time when psychometrics promised to unlock the secrets of individual potential and align them with the gears of industry. From the radar rooms of wartime England to the bustling assembly lines of Detroit, the quest to quantify cognitive ability shaped decisions that reverberated through society. Though its specific methods are now relegated to the annals of history, the core aspiration persists: to understand the intricate dance of the mind and harness it for the greater good. The test has left its mark in the human story, marking a difference. Its purpose gave rise to new technologies and new types of businesses.
The echoes of Thurstone’s endeavor resonate even now, a cautionary tale and an enduring inspiration. As modern assessment practices evolve, armed with sophisticated algorithms and nuanced understandings of human cognition, one must remember the ethical burden that accompanies such power. The call is not merely to measure, but to empower; not merely to classify, but to cultivate. The future of psychometrics lies not in replicating the past, but in learning from it, striving to create a world where every individual has the opportunity to flourish, not as a cog in a machine, but as a fully realized human being. This test gave a place for future tests and created new technologies. Without it, businesses would have to find new ways to improve the human mind.
